Visual elements positioned close to one another are perceived as a unified group, even if those elements are dissimilar in shape, size, or color. This principle suggests the human brain organizes visual information by spatially relating items; elements near each other appear more related than those spaced further apart. For example, a series of dots arranged in closely spaced columns will be seen as columns, not just a random scattering of dots.
This concept is fundamental to visual design, user interface (UI) design, and advertising. By carefully manipulating the space between elements, designers can direct attention, communicate relationships, and create hierarchical structures. Its roots trace back to Gestalt psychology, which emphasized the holistic nature of perception, arguing the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Understanding and applying this principle leads to more intuitive and effective visual communication.
