The breakdown of rocks, soil, and minerals through direct contact with the Earth’s atmosphere is a fundamental process in shaping landscapes. This encompasses the physical disintegration and chemical alteration of materials at or near the surface. An example includes the fracturing of a large boulder into smaller pieces due to repeated freezing and thawing of water within its cracks, or the dissolution of limestone by acidic rainwater.
This process is crucial for soil formation, the cycling of nutrients, and the creation of various landforms. It releases elements essential for plant growth and alters the composition of surface materials, influencing ecosystems. Historically, understanding this process has been vital for agriculture, construction, and resource management, informing practices that minimize erosion and maximize land use.
